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Mars effect
The Mars effect is a purported statistical correlation between athletic eminence and the position of the planet Mars relative to the horizon at time and place of birth. This controversial finding was first reported by the French psychologist and "neo-astrologer" Michel Gauquelin published in his book ''L'influence des astres'' ("The Influence of the Stars", 1955).〔I.W.Kelly, ''The Concepts of Modern Astrology: A Critique'' (University of Saskatchewan, online at http://www.astrosurf.com/nitschelm/Modern_criticism.pdf)〕 Gauquelin suggested that a statistically significant number of sports champions were born just after the planet Mars rises or culminates. Gauquelin divided the plane of the ecliptic into twelve sectors, identifying two "key" sectors of statistical significance.
Gauquelin's work was accepted by the notable psychologist and statistician Hans Eysenck among others〔H.J. Eysenck & D.K.B. Nias, Astrology: Science or Superstition? Penguin Books (1982)〕 but later attempts to validate the data and replicate the effect have produced uneven results, chiefly owing to disagreements over the selection and analysis of the data set. Since the phenomenon in question depends upon the daily rotation of the Earth, the availability and accuracy of time and place of birth data is crucial to such studies, as is the criterion of "eminence". Later research explains the Mars effect by selection bias, favouring champions who were born in a ''key sector'' of Mars and rejecting those who were not from the sample.〔Jan Willem Nienhuys (1997). The Mars Effect in Retrospect, ''Skeptical Inquirer'', vol 21 #6, Nov 1997, 24–29. (available online )〕〔Paul Kurtz, Jan Willem Nienhuys, Ranjit Sandhu (1997). Is the "Mars Effect" Genuine? ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', Vol. 11 , No. 1, pp. 19–39. (available online )〕
==Reception and replication==
Gauquelin's work was not limited to the Mars effect: his calculations led him first to reject most of the conventions of natal astrology as it is practised in the modern west but he singled out "highly significant statistical correlations between planetary positions and the birth times of eminently successful people." This claim concerned not only Mars but five planets, correlated with eminence in fields broadly compatible with the traditional "planetary rulerships" of astrology. However, partly because eminence in sport is more quantifiable, later research, publicity and controversy has tended to single out the "Mars effect".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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